Your Complete Guide to Understanding Solar Panels
February 2, 2024
6 min read
As people become more aware of the environment, solar energy has become a popular renewable source. Solar panels, or photovoltaics, convert energy from the sun into electricity—cutting energy bills and reducing our impact on the planet.
With the increasing prevalence of solar power around the globe, it's essential to understand how solar panels work and what options are available for those interested in investing in them.
What Is Solar Energy?
Solar energy is a form of renewable energy created by converting sunlight into electricity. It is one of the most abundant and accessible energy sources in the world and can be harnessed in many ways to power homes, businesses, and other applications.
By utilizing this free and sustainable energy source, people can reduce their dependence on traditional sources such as coal or natural gas while reducing their carbon footprint.
What Are Solar Panels, and How Do They Work?
Solar panels are devices made from photovoltaic (PV) cells that help to convert sunlight into electricity. PV cells comprise semi-conductive materials, typically silicon alloys, which absorb sunlight and transfer the sun's energy into electricity.
Homeowners can use this energy in houses and businesses to power lights, appliances, and other electrical items. Solar panel systems come in various sizes and configurations, ranging from small portable models to large, fixed installations on roofs or fields.
What Are the Main Types of Solar Panels?
When choosing solar panels, there are several options available. These include Monocrystalline, Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC), Polycrystalline, and Thin-film solar panels. Here are some details about each type:
1. Monocrystalline Solar Panels
Monocrystalline solar panels, called single-crystal panels, are constructed using a single, pure silicon crystal. These panels derive their distinct dark black coloring from how they are cut from the silicon block to maximize efficiency.
Monocrystalline solar panels tend to be the most space-efficient and longest-lasting of all types but are also accompanied by a higher production cost and price tag due to their use of pure silicon.
2. Polycrystalline Solar Panels
As the name suggests, polycrystalline solar panels are made from different silicon crystals rather than a single one. They are produced by melting and pouring silicon fragments into a square mold, resulting in a characteristic square shape.
This manufacturing process makes them more affordable than monocrystalline panels as there is hardly any wastage. However, they also have lower energy conversion efficiency and are less space-efficient than monocrystalline panels due to their lower silicon purity and construction. They are also less tolerant to heat, making them less efficient in high-temperature environments.
3. Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) Panels
PERC solar panels represent an advancement of traditional monocrystalline models. They feature a passivation layer on the rear surface of the cell, which increases efficiency in several ways:
- It enhances the absorption of solar radiation by reflecting light into the cell.
- It minimizes electron recombination and hinders electron flow in the system.
- It enables the reflection of a wider variety of wavelengths of light.
The passivation layer reflects higher wavelengths of light (over 1,180nm) which cannot be absorbed by silicon wafers, helping to keep the back sheet from becoming hot and thereby increasing the cell's efficiency.
This allows PERC panels to collect more solar energy while taking up less physical space, making them ideal for smaller areas. There is a slight increase in production costs due to the need for additional materials. However, they can still be manufactured using existing equipment, potentially resulting in lower long-term costs.
4. Thin-Film Solar Panels
Thin-film panels feature skinny layers, allowing them to be flexible. As a result, they are lightweight and easy to install without the need for a frame backing. In contrast to crystalline silicon panels that come in sizes of 60, 72, and 96-cell counts, thin-film panels come in various sizes with the capability to meet specific requirements. Despite this advantage, they do not have the same efficiency level as traditional silicon solar panels.
What Are the Benefits of Solar Panels?
Installing solar panels can bring several benefits to both residential and commercial spaces. Firstly, solar energy is free and renewable, so harnessing it means you no longer have to rely on expensive electricity from companies. Solar panels also require minimal maintenance, meaning that once installed, there's little you have to do to keep them running efficiently.
Additionally, solar energy negates the need for burning fossil fuels which can release harmful chemicals into the atmosphere. The resulting power generated from solar panels is cleaner and cheaper than other sources of electricity, making it an attractive alternative for anyone looking to reduce their carbon footprint.
Furthermore, solar power can be used virtually anywhere since all you need is a good supply of direct sunlight—making it an excellent option for remote locations where access to electricity might otherwise be unavailable.
What Is the Best Solar Panel for Your Needs?
When deciding on a solar panel, it's vital to consider multiple factors to make an informed choice that matches your needs and budget. Consider the following key elements:
1. Size
When selecting a solar panel, its size and suitability are the first features to consider. It's essential to choose a panel size that fits the dimensions of your roof and the optimal position for solar power generation in your location.
The optimal position of solar panel installation varies depending on the location. Typically it's recommended to install panels in a south-facing place in the northern hemisphere and a north-facing part in the southern hemisphere.
2. Durability
Durability is an essential factor to consider when purchasing solar panels. Long-lasting panels can minimize the need for frequent replacement and downtime. Additionally, it's crucial to consider the environmental conditions in your area, such as strong winds, hail, and heavy snow, as they can significantly reduce a panel's lifespan.
Look for solar panels with high wind and snow load ratings and hail protection. High-quality solar panels generally require little maintenance and are designed to withstand these environmental conditions. It's essential to consult with solar panel experts to determine the most durable and suitable panel for your specific situation.
3. Efficiency
Panel efficiency is an essential factor to consider when buying solar panels. It refers to a panel's ability to convert input into output energy. A more efficient panel charges batteries faster and generates more power even in less than optimal sunlight conditions.
It's ideal to aim for higher efficiency levels when choosing a panel. The average efficiency for solar panels is around 15 to 16%. Still, panels with 17-19% efficiency levels are considered the higher end, and those with 20% or more efficiency are considered top-of-the-line.
4. Warranty
When purchasing solar panels, look for a more extended warranty period. This will protect in case of defects and should cover a substantial amount of time. Generally, many panel manufacturers offer ten years warranties, while 12-year warranties are becoming more common, and 20+ year warranties are rare but available.
Choosing solar panels with a performance warranty is essential, guaranteeing that the panel will maintain its rated efficiency. For example, a panel with a 20% efficiency rating and 400W peak output power should perform at least up to 16% efficiency and 320W peak output power. Performance warranties usually range between 25 to 30 years.
Enjoy Sustainable Living With These Solar Panels
Investing in solar panels is perfect for your pocketbook and the environment. With a solid investment today, you'll enjoy renewable energy and long-term protection from rising electricity costs. So why wait? Make the switch to solar panels and enjoy sustainable living today!
